How to ascertain how many civilians have been killed by the Portuguese police? And how many members of the security forces have lost their lives on active duty? Official state reports on the matter leave more questions than answers. And a shocking lack of transparency.

Between 2020 and 2022, at least 488 people died in police custody or operations in 13 EU countries, including Ireland, Spain and France.

Between 2020 and 2022, 13 EU countries, including Spain, France and Germany recorded at least 488 deaths in custody or in police operations.

Danijoy Pontes, 23 years old, was sent to pre-trial detention in 2020, for a total of 11 months. He died in a Lisbon prison: Divergente dug his story as part of EDJNet's investigation on the abuse and risks of pre-trial detention in Europe.

One in five people jailed in the European Union hasn't been convicted of a crime — including 12,000 in Germany alone. Studies suggest that pretrial detention is unnecessary in most cases.

People waiting for a final sentence often suffer worse conditions than convicted prisoners, even if they're innocent.

An interview with Alessio Scandurra, director of the European Prison Observatory, to understand the impact of the pandemic on European prisons, in terms of both healthcare and opportunities for inmates. 

Aurélie, 27, spent several years in prison. Maxime, 35, was an inmate in the Paris region, where the overcrowding rate is 160%. Like 13,000 other prisoners, he got out thanks to early-release measures enacted between March and May 2020. They told us their stories.